Diabetes Magna Plus™

Educational Resource · OCC Tijuana

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Medical Disclaimer: This website is educational and does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Only a qualified physician can determine whether metabolic surgery is appropriate for you.

Sources

References

This page consolidates the primary references cited across the site. Individual pages also list sources most relevant to their topic.

Last medically reviewed: June 1, 2026 · Educational content only — not medical advice.

Guidelines

  1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes — updated annually. Diabetes Care.
  2. AACE / ACE. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Comprehensive Medical Care of Patients with Obesity. Endocr Pract.
  3. Eisenberg D et al. 2022 ASMBS and IFSO Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 2022.
  4. EASD / EASO joint statements on obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Surgery vs. medical therapy — pivotal trials

  1. Schauer PR et al. Bariatric surgery vs. intensive medical therapy for diabetes — 5-year outcomes. NEJM, 2017.
  2. Mingrone G et al. Metabolic surgery vs. conventional medical therapy in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 10-year follow-up. Lancet, 2021.
  3. Sjöström L et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish Obese Subjects. NEJM, 2007.
  4. Adams TD et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes 12 years after gastric bypass. NEJM, 2017.

Pharmacotherapy

  1. Wilding JPH et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP-1). NEJM, 2021.
  2. Rubino D et al. STEP-4: Effect of continued weekly semaglutide vs. placebo on weight maintenance. JAMA, 2021.
  3. Jastreboff AM et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity (SURMOUNT-1). NEJM, 2022.
  4. Aronne LJ et al. Continued treatment with tirzepatide for maintenance of weight reduction (SURMOUNT-4). JAMA, 2024.

Mechanism and safety

  1. Rubino F et al. Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes: joint statement by international diabetes organizations. Diabetes Care, 2016.
  2. Arterburn DE et al. Association between bariatric surgery and long-term survival. JAMA, 2015.
  3. Courcoulas AP et al. Long-term outcomes of medical management vs. bariatric surgery in type 2 diabetes. JAMA, 2020.

See also the Evidence Library and Sources & Verification.